Siege of Acre

General

The Siege of Acre, 1291 ended on 18 May 1291 with the Mamluk capture of Acre, the last major Crusader stronghold in the Holy Land.
Its fall marked the effective end of the crusader states in mainland Palestine.

Overview

Category	Details
Name of the Battle	Siege of Acre, 1291 / [[Siege of Acre, 1291
Date	April-May 1291
Location	Acre
Belligerents	Mamluk Sultanate vs Crusader garrison and military orders
Commanders	Al-Ashraf Khalil vs city defense leadership (Hospitallers, Templars, civic commanders)
Strength (Forces)	Large Mamluk siege army vs multi-order urban garrison
Primary Unit Types	Infantry, siege artillery/engines, cavalry, naval support
Outcome	Decisive Mamluk victory; city captured
Casualties (Estimate)	Very heavy on both sides, including civilian losses
Strategic Importance	Ended mainland Crusader rule in the Levant
Notable Features	Massive siege works and final defensive collapse
Historical Significance	Conventional endpoint of the Crusader States era

Historical Background

After decades of Mamluk expansion and declining western reinforcement, Acre remained the principal Crusader base.
Political fragmentation weakened coordinated defense.

Course of the Siege

Mamluk forces launched sustained bombardment and assaults against walls and towers.
Despite stubborn resistance, breaches multiplied and organized defense collapsed by mid-May.

Consequences

Acre and remaining nearby positions were lost.
Crusader political power shifted to Cyprus and maritime enclaves.
The era opened by Siege of Jerusalem, 1099 ended in military defeat.

Legacy

Acre 1291 is widely regarded as the terminal military event of the classic crusading period in the Holy Land.